Furthermore, there is evidence to support the claim that a psychoactive compound could catalyze psychosis in a person who is already susceptible to psychotic disorders. News media have reported reactions that include violent behavior, heart attack, kidney failure, liver failure, suicide, an increased tolerance for pain, dehydration, and breakdown of skeletal muscle tissue. Health issues īath salt/Monkey dust users have reported symptoms that include headache, heart palpitations, nausea, cold fingers, hallucinations, paranoia, and panic attacks. Users who have overdosed often display symptoms of agitation, delirium, hallucinations, excessive motor activity, seizures, tachycardia, hypertension, and/or hyperthermia. "Monkey dust", "bath salts" or plant food are often used at the same time as classical psychoactive drugs. Due to their rapid onset, synthetic cathinones are powerful reward/reinforcers, with high addiction potential. In larger doses this class of substances can cause effects similar to those seen in cases of serotonin syndrome. Both substances cause a rapid onset of action in the central nervous system, and stimulant toxicity. Subjective effects are similar to MDMA or cocaine but with a duration of 5–6 hours. Subjective effects īath salts or monkey dust come in a powdered or crystallised form which can be swallowed, smoked, injected or snorted. This effect is mediated by an increase in synaptic dopamine, as haloperidol, but not ketanserin, was capable of blocking the potentiation by alcohol. It showed that alcohol, at low (non-stimulant) doses, significantly enhances the psychostimulant effects of mephedrone. A 2015 study has investigated the interrelation between mephedrone and alcohol, focusing on psychostimulant and rewarding effects. This is often due to their wakefullness-promoting effect, leading to insomnia.īath salts are often consumed concurrently with alcohol. Bath salts can be detrimental to human health and can potentially cause erratic behavior, hallucinations, and delusions. Usage īath salts can be ingested orally, snorted, smoked, or injected. They are generally less able to cross the blood brain barrier than amphetamines due to the presence of a beta-keto group that increases the compound's polarity. They are similar to amphetamines in that they cause stimulant effects by increasing the concentration of monoamines such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine in synapses. Scientists are inclined to believe that bath salts have a powerful addictive potential and can increase users' tolerance. Very little is known about how bath salts interact with the brain and how they are metabolized by the body. In Europe the main synthetic cathinone is mephedrone, whereas in the US MDPV is more common. Pharmacologically, bath salts usually contain a cathinone, typically methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), methylone or mephedrone however, the chemical composition varies widely and products labeled with the same name may also contain derivatives of pyrovalerone or pipradrol. Calls related to bath salts then began to decrease by 2015, the number had declined to 522. In the US, the number of calls to poison centers concerning "bath salts" rose from 304 in 2010 to 6,138 in 2011, according to the American Association of Poison Control Centers. These drugs are primarily developed to avoid being controlled by laws against illegal drugs, thus giving them the label designer drugs. Hundreds of other designer drugs or "legal highs" have been reported, including artificial chemicals such as synthetic cannabis and semi-synthetic substances such as methylhexaneamine. Bath salts have also been sold online in small packets. In the US, this often made them easier to obtain than cigarettes and alcohol. In Europe, the drugs were predominantly purchased from websites, but in the US they were mainly sold in small independent stores such as gas stations and head shops. Drugs marketed as "bath salts" first came to the attention of authorities in the US in 2010 after reports were made to US poison centers. In 20 there was a significant rise in the use of synthetic cathinones, initially in the United Kingdom and the rest of Europe, and subsequently in the United States. They remained obscure until the first decade of the 21st century when underground chemists rediscovered them and began to use them in designer drugs, as the compounds were legal in many jurisdictions. Synthetic cathinones such as mephedrone, which are chemically similar to the cathinone naturally found in the plant Catha edulis (khat), were first synthesised in the 1920s.
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